More Joy in Heaven
Year C, Luke 15—three parables of loss
The context for the gospel text two weeks ago, Luke 14, was a meal “at the house of one of the leaders of the Pharisees,” and the entire chapter was connected by the imagery of a meal, a banquet, in fact. Jesus used that social occasion to remind the wealthy and powerful of their obligations to care for the poor. In Sunday’s reading from Luke chapter 15, Jesus is defending himself against further criticism from the Pharisees for eating and drinking with “tax-collectors and sinners.” The rules of the synagogue were very strict about meal practices and about interacting with those considered unclean; the rules were quite exclusive. Our Christian tradition holds that everyone is a sinner, so the charge of the Pharisees here against “sinners” smacks of hypocrisy to our ears, but they didn’t share that sense of universal sinfulness. The Pharisees were defining who was sinful and therefore who was not acceptable. One’s actions and occupation could put a person outside the community. The specific reference to “tax-collectors” emphasizes that collaboration with Rome was a chief criterion of exclusion. Even the Pharisees, it seems, hated taxes.
By eating with “tax-collectors and sinners,” Jesus is enacting the kingdom of God, demonstrating by his association with “those people,” that God’s realm includes outcasts and marginalized people. Jesus’ life is itself a parable for us all to follow.
However, Jesus came breaking down barriers between people, especially among religious people: redefining “outcasts” by inviting them to eat with him, he was acting out the kingdom of God; by inviting those on the outside to the feast, he was dramatizing that they too are beloved of God, but he was also asking the righteous members of the synagogue, the Pharisees, to find it in their hearts to welcome the outcasts in. By eating with “tax-collectors and sinners,” Jesus is enacting the kingdom of God, demonstrating by his association with “those people,” that God’s realm includes outcasts and marginalized people. Jesus’ life is itself a parable for us all to follow.
In response to the charge of the Pharisees against him in today’s reading, Jesus tells three parables of loss—the lost sheep, the lost coin and (not included in the reading today but without doubt one of his best-known stories) the parable of the lost son. Luke sets all three parables in the context of defending Jesus against the Pharisees’ charge, ‘This fellow welcomes sinners and eats with them.’” (Borg, Jesus, 246) Now the parable of the lost sheep, like the parable of the lost son, has traditionally been interpreted as demonstrating the nature and character of God, so loving that like a good shepherd, like a loving father, God will seek after the lost, that is, you and me, everyone and anyone, and will welcome them home. This interpretation comes down to us of course from our tradition, ever since St. John wrote in his gospel that Jesus said, “I am the Good Shepherd,” evoking the image of God as the good shepherd in the 23rd psalm. As Marcus Borg says, the parable “invites a different way of seeing by inviting reflection about the character of God and the kind of life that follows from seeing God’s character in a particular way.” (172) Jesus was trying through this parable to tell the Pharisees that outcasts and sinners were welcome at the table of the Lord. They believed that you were defiled by people with whom you ate: “For Jesus, purity, not impurity, was contagious.” (Borg 217).)
So seeing God as the seeker of the lost is quite natural for us. But stories, parables, symbols, are not confined to just one meaning; that’s their beauty. They allow for various interpretations. It’s interesting that the tradition has downplayed the parable of the lost coin. It hasn’t been emphasized as an illustration of the character of God or Jesus as seeker; Jesus isn’t made to announce: “I am the Good Housewife.” The reason for that is fairly obvious, but I am reminded of the protagonist of Margaret Laurence’s novel, The Fire-Dwellers, Stacey, a middle-aged housewife with four young children and an uncommunicative husband. Stacey is trying to cope with the stresses and strains of her life and she often has little imaginary chats with God. During one of them she says, “Listen here, God, . . . You try bringing up four kids . . . next time you send somebody down here, get it born as a her with seven young or a him with a large family and a rotten boss, eh? Then we’ll see how the inspirational bit goes.” (Laurence, FireDwellers, 168) Jesus as the Good Housewife: the theological implications alone are staggering.
We can derive another meaning from these three parables by focusing on the joy which accompanies the discovery of the lost sheep, the lost coin and the lost son. (For those in touch with their inner child, click on the link to this animated version of the parable of the lost sheep. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyWZeOlaRo4 I like the leap of joy at the end of the film.) The parables describe not only the character of God, seeking the lost, but also us, seekers of the kingdom, welcoming the lost with joy. The parables emphasize our joy at finding the lost, as opposed to the joyless, selfish attitude of the Pharisees who shut out the lost. The followers of Jesus, the followers of his way, are also to be seekers, that is, “finders, finding the kingdom unexpectedly,” surprised by joy. (Crossan 38) The seekers in the parables reflect not just God, but also us, “the ones who are open to and seeking the Kingdom’s advent” (Crossan 72). The repeated phrase in today’s reading: “there is joy in the presence of the angels of God over one sinner who repents,” emphasizes the spiritual joy of the very human seeker. One “born from above,” who glimpses what Jesus means by the kingdom of God, who judges not by the values of this world but by the standards of a loving God, is able to hear the angels singing for joy.
The elder son in the parable of the prodigal son obviously represents the Pharisees who were challenging Jesus, with their strict religious laws defining purity, who’s in, who’s out, who is was proper to associate with, to eat and drink with, but that instinctive righteous indignation lies in all of us. As with so much of Jesus’ teaching, the parables challenge our personal attitudes. But these three parables do more than merely illustrate examples for us to follow; they enact the kingdom of god, working their way into our hearts and minds, bringing about re-birth, renewed vision. The parables themselves incarnate Jesus’ insistence, repeated often in the gospel of Luke, that “the kingdom of God is within you” (Luke 17:21). When the teachings of Jesus or the Bible inspire us to imagine a different world, a different way of thinking and being, then the vision becomes a reality; we glimpse what Jesus wants us to see and our reaction is one of great joy. All three parables in Luke 15 emphasize the joy, of the shepherd, the housewife, the father, at finding their lost one: “Rejoice with me, for I have found my sheep, my coin, my son, that was lost.” The point is clear: “life lived in loving relationship with God and others, so that God’s will is joyfully done on earth as it is in heaven, and so that God’s presence spreads throughout the world in Spirit- inhabited human lives.” (McLaren 220) The Kingdom of God is Justice and Joy.